John paolt



(No Model.)-

J. PAOLI.

ENGINEERS TRANSIT.

N0. 453,158. Patented May 26, 1891.

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NITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

JOHN PAOLI, OF HOBOKEN, NEIV JERSEY, ASSIGNOR TO IVILLIAM KEUFFEL ANDHERMANN ESSER, OF NEW YORK, N. Y.

ENGlNEERS TRANSIT.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 453,158, dated May 26,1891.

Application filed April 8, 1890. Serial No. 347,097 (No model.)

To aZZ whom it may concern: construction allows the instrument to be Beit known that I, JOHN PAOLI, a subject roughly treated without injury,the shocks of the King of Italy, residing in Hoboken, in being softenedby the elastic springing of the county of Hudson and State of New Jermyextra sleeve. If extreme violence, as the 5 sey, have invented a certainnew and useful falling of the instrument, shall induce a per-Improvement in Engineers Transits, of which manent set in my sleeve, thesleeve saves the the following is aspecification. true sleeve fromdistortion. I provide un- The elaborateinstruments known as tranusuallylong leverage and attain more accusits, each embodying the capacity ofseveral rate setting than usual for the variation- :0 minor instruments,are in running lines and plate. The pinion which works this plate ismeasuring angles transported on the shoulset under the plate, so as toaid in defending ders of the engineer or of an assistant, and againstdust and dirt getting into this part are set up and adjusted and againtaken up of the instrument. The arms which receive and retransported atshort intervals. the leveling-screws are split and receive [5 Myimprovement facilitates the transporthose screws in adjustable holes,which allow tation by its lightness, facilitates the rapid the frictionto be made uniform under all and correct setting up and the reading ofthe conditions of wear. The arms are peculiarly indications on theverniers, and contributes formed, and are joined to the sleeve not optoenable the exact and delicate construction posite to the arms, butintermediate between 2:: to withstand rough usage. Icurve the standthem.7 This divides the force when an arm ards which support the bearings ofthe teleis overstrained and avoids injuring the censcope and completethe form by twisting. tral point.

The form of the standard affords a wide base The accompanying drawingsform a part of with both feet standing on the top plate close thisspecification and represent what I 0011- -7 5 25 to the compass-ring,which may be a thick sider the best means of carrying out the inportionof said plate. The compass is sunk ventionbelow the upper surface of thetop plate, and Figure 1 is a central vertical section, partly thegraduated rim of same is beveled toward in side elevation. Fig. 2 is anelevation quarthe center. The needle is bent upward at each tering tothe view in Fig. 1. Fig. 3 is a hori- 8o 0 extremity. This allows thepoint of the nee zontal section on the line a: a; in Fig. 1. Fig. dle toread directly into the lines, even when 4 is a horizontal section 011the line y y in the needle is not perfectly balanced. The Fig. 1. Figs.5 and 6 represent a portion deneedle is heavier near the points than inthe tached. Fig. 5 is a plan view, and Fig. 6 an center, which makes itunusually sensitive, elevation. Fig. 7 is a vertical section of a 3 5while holding the magnetism better than the portion on a larger scale,showing the cenordinary shape. I employ two vernicrs, ter of the needle.Fig. Sis an elevation on mounted on opposite sides of the horizontal thesame scale as Fig. 1, showing a modifica circle, asusual, and provideeach withacover tion of the form of the twisted standards. held by aspring. Thecover is finished with Similar letters of reference indicatelike 4o adead-white reflecting-surface, and is adapted parts in all thefigures where they appear.-

to perform the three functions of throwing A is the inner center, and Athe ext-ended the light favorably on the graduations, shadtop thereof,whichIwill term the top plate, ing the Vernier when required under someand which, like the center, is of the ordinary conditions, and of beingclosed entirely down, construction, except as hereinafter stated, and 545 so as to serve as a protection for the vernierperforms, as usual, theimportant function of glass. I employ the ordinary spherical basesupporting the standards B, which carry the for the outer sleeve; butinstead of mounting telescope O and its attachments. it directly on thesleeve I connect it by an O is-the vertical circle carried onthe shaftextra sleeve, which stands a little exterior to O. The graduations aremade on a surface 50 the main sleeve, being firmly connected at a ofsilver or other fine metal, and not 011 the pehigher point near theleveling-arms. The riphery, but on the outer face, of this circle.

D is a rocking piece carrying a verniew scale I), which latter reads inconjunction with the circle C It is mounted between pivots I), set inbrackets in a cross-piece l3, firmly fixed to one of the peculiarly-bentstandards 13. A spring E acts on the lever D rigidly fixed to the pieceD, and urges the edge of the vernier D gently against the graduations onC In case of accidentin the field or from any other cause, throwing thecircle 0 slightly out of truth, the spring E allows the Vernier toyield, so as to accommodate the distortion. The pressure induced by thespring is slight, and the friction may be endured by thefinely-graduated surfaces for a long period; but it is preferable thatthe operator shall touch the lever D and spring the Vernier away fromthe circle whenever the elevation of the telescope is to be muchchanged.

The triangular standards B are sufficiently spread at the bottom toafford a reliable support. One branch or leg is nearly vertical. Theother branch or leg is inclined beyond the ordinary extent and istwisted, as shown. The feet or elongations at the base of each leg areplanted on the inner and stout portion of the top plate A immediatelyadjacent to the compass and arranged circumferentially thereto. I havein my experiments produced these standards by casting and afterwardtwisting the legs to the required form. This mode of manufacture changesthe arrangement of the particles and imparts firmness and rigidity tothe standards. The form gives a clear space for the Vernier at aboutforty-five dgrees relatively to the telescope in a position where it canbe easily inspected.

The operator can examine the proper vernier A without changing hisposition but little, if at all, from that required to look through thetelescope. There are, ,as usual, two verniers A on opposite sides of theinstrument. Each Vernier has a cover F turning 011 an axis f andprovided with frictionsprings F, which press on the supports of theaxis, making sufiicientfriction to reliably hold the cover at any anglein which it may be set. The cover thus equipped serves as a protectionfor the Vernier when closed as a shade, if such shall sometimes berequired, and as a reflector to reflect a mild and clear light upon theVernier. The under face is of celluloid or analogous dead-whitematerial. The compass G is sunk in the top plate A and has a beveled rimG, in which the divisions are engraved. The needle J is hung with theusual provisions for lifting and clamping when not in use. It is madelight near the mid-length, heavy near each end, and again light at theextreme ends. The ends are bent upward, so as to approximately coincidewith the beveled rim G and allow the position of the needle to beaccurately read thereon. The compass G G is adjusted or partiallyrevolved relatively to the top plate A by a pinion I1 which is sunkbelow the upper surface of the top plate. The shaft ll of this pinionextends above the to plate, and its small head ll is provided with holesh, adapted to receive the removable lever, by which it may be turnedwhen rquired, the lever being then immediately removed. The

construction protects the pinion and the teeth with which it engagesfrom dust and injury, and the small head H, with the holes 70, avoids afrequent source of error, due to the accidental hitting and changing ofthelarge head or button necessary with the ordinary constrnction.

I is the nicely-finished intermediate sleeve, sometimes known as theouter center. It is fitted around the inner center A and earries theimportant part, usually known as the horizontal limb, which I make as asubstantial casting. The graduations are made on silver or other whitematerial firmly fixed on its upper face.

Collars I and I receive each a clamp K. The connection in each of thesecases is of the ordinary general character, the slow-motion screw M andthe upper clamp takinghold by the bracket A on the alidade or the partsmounted on the inner center, the lower clamp taking hold of theleveling-arms, which are fixed. These clamps perform their ordinaryfunctions, the lowermost connecting the limb at will with the fixedfoundation and the uppermost connecting the limb at will with thetelescope, both being equipped with provisions for very delicatelyturning to small extents after the parts are firmly clamped. Theseclamps are peculiarly equipped to avoid lost motion. Each is constructedas a single casting, the part K, which is to serve as the bearing-block,being formed integral with the main part of the clamp, but with a spaceat its back. It is adapted to be sprung slightly inward by the pressureof the corresponding clamping-screw L when required, and then to besti'ffly clamped upon the inclosed collar.

In the manufacture of each clamp the inner edge or circularbearing-surface which applies on the corresponding collar I or I isaccurately bored while in the rigid condition. A radial saw-cut k may bemade so as to more nearly isolate it. a.

The junction of the bearing-piece K to the clamp is reduced bymechanically removing some of the metal, as indicated, near one end ornear each end, to enable it to better yield i nward to a sufficientpressureimpressed by the clamping-screw. This construction avoids alllost motion in the clamping-piece. The lower clamp has all thesefeatures. The greater size of the upper collar and the upper clampallows sufficient spring in the bearingblock while it remains attachedto the main body of the clamp at each end. The sawing at is thereforeomitted in the upper clamp. The slow-motion screws M act against shoes Nof ivory. The upper clamp is formed with an arm K which is seizedbetween such shoe IIO and the'spring carried in a proper case A on thealidade. The lower clamp carries on itself an adj listing-screw andspring and takes hold of an arm or finger extending from one of theleveling-arms. The effect of each is the same.

The leveling-arms P each receive the corresponding leveling-screw Q in athreaded hole. A split 1), produced by sawing with a fine saw, allowsthis portion of the arm to spring slightly, and a screw P adjusts theamount of opening of this split. The metal will yield elasticallysufficient to allow the split to open and close, so that the contact ofthe arm P with the corresponding levelingscrew Q may be made justsufficiently fric tional for an indefinite period. The levelingarms Pare of more than the usual depth and are joined to the sleeve R at thepoints B. These points are not radially within the several arms, butwithin the spaces between the arms. Each arm is made open, as shown. Theconstruction is light and strong. In case one of the leveling-arms isoverstrained it may be permanently set; but the distribution of thepoints of union to the sleeve R avoids any risk of distorting thelatter, and consequently of possibly injuring the delicate centers A andI within.

I provide for the ordinary horizontal movement of the instrument uponthe bottom plate WV, employing the usual partially-spherical bearin g T,mounted within the semi-spherical case S, with the usual liberty to rockas far as ever shall be required in practice by the rolling of the partT within the part S, and with the usual liberty to adjust in alldirections horizontally by the movement of the parts S upon the fixedbottom plate IV; but instead of mounting the partial sphere T 'directlyon the sleeve R, I attach it by a false sleeve T, which is larger thanthe exterior of B, so that there is a slight annular space between.

The capacity of the false sleeve to spring and bend allows theinstrument to endure rough usage without injuring the centersthat is tosay, a sufficiently violent blow may change the position of thespherical bearing to one side or the other of the proper axial line, thefalse sleeve T yielding to allow such distortion, while the true sleeveR will remain unaffected. The false sleeve is connected to the truesleeve by screw-threads and may be removed for repairs or renewal.

Modifications may be made without departing from the principle orsacrificing the advantages of the invention. I can cast the standardsflat and afterward bend and twist both legs. I prefer to cast the mostupright leg in the curved form required and to cast the other and moreinclined leg with the proper degree of curvature, but without beingtwisted. Then the considerable twist required being forcibly impressedwith the metal cold or nearly cold, the best condition of the particlesis obtained.

The leveling-screws Q may have the ordinary caps or shields. (Notshown.) Parts of the invention may be used without the other. I can usethe Vernier-covers F with the proper reflective under surfaces and theprovisions for holding them at various angles without the peculiarstandards.

In the modification shown in Fig. 8 the standard has both legs inclinedand both twisted. I prefer the form shown in Fig. 1.

I do not in this patent claim the peculiarities at the mid-height of theinstrument, the shades with provisions for holding them in variouspositions relatively to the horizontal verniers, the compass sunk andbeveled and the needle therein, and the variation-plate and means foroperating it, such being made the subject of a separate application forpatcut as a division marked B, filed September 20, 1890, Serial No.364,610. Neither do I in this patent claim the peculiarities in the baseof the instrume'ntthe leveling-arms, with their mode of taking hold-ofthe instrument, the false sleeve, and the spherical bearing such beingmade the subject of a separate application as a division marked 0, filedSeptember 20, 1890, Serial No. 365,610.

I claim as my invention 1. In a transit or analogousinstrument, thestandards B, cast with the proper dimensions, but false form, andafterward twisted to the correct form, so as to hold the particles in astrained condition, substantially as herein specified.

2. In a transit or analogous instrument, the standards B, formed eachwith one leg more inclined than the other and bent as shown, bolted uponthe stout inner portion of the top plate A, in combination therewith andwith verniers A arranged adjacentto the upright leg of the standard andwith the telescope C, as herein specified.

3. In a transit or analogous instrument, the combination, with thevertical circle 0 of the rocking piece D, carrying the Vernier D andlever D and with the spring E, arranged for joint operation as hereinspecified.

4. In a transit or analogous instrument, the combination of the sleeveor outer center I and a collar I thereon with a clamp K, having abearing-block K formed integral therewith and with the operating-screwL, and provisions, as M M for fine adjustment of the clamp, all arrangedfor joint operation substantially as herein specified.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand, at New York city, this1st day of April, 1890,-in the presence of two subscribing witnesses.

JOHN PAOLI.

Witnesses:

CHARLES R. SEARLE, CHAS. S. BARBER.

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